Ethical Clinical Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Clinical Research - Essay Example Meeting the diverse needs of these stakeholders generates a number of questions and sometimes conflicts about responsibilities and values, where the most important philosophical need would be to carry out research in a way sensitive to the needs of participants in the field (Chadwick and Tadd, 1992, 7-63). Some basic issues in research ethics centre on special levels of protection and aid for vulnerable and disadvantaged parties, when a research is contemplated involving their participation. These issues cut across clinical ethics, public health ethics and research ethics (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2002a). When individuals lack the ability to select the approach that would be most consistent with their values and preferences, it is inappropriate to give them control over their consent to a research (Royal College Of Nursing Research Society, 2004). Vulnerable persons usually need the protection of a trustworthy individual to make decisions on their behalf. The capacity evaluation is essential to determine whether autonomy or protection is the appropriate governing principle in particular cases (Broome, 1999, 96-103). Ethical and Legal Principles in Research To make autonomous choices, people must have certain abilities, and there is agreement on the basic features of decisional capacity. It has been mentioned that four abilities are central, the ability to communicate a choice; the ability to understand relevant information; the ability to appreciate how this information applies to one's current and future situation; and the ability to give comprehensible reasons for a decision (Noble-Adams, 1999, 888-892). Simple mental status assessments may furnish preliminary guidance; they are insufficient to determine whether someone is able to make autonomous decisions about participating in research. This is more so if the person is being treated for some mental reasons, and research involving these persons are very common (Polit, Becks, & Hungler, 2001, 143-160). Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate decisional capacity in the context of the specific research situation at hand. Decision-making capacity should be assessed through a discussion o f the facts relevant to the particular choice facing a patient. At the least, patients should demonstrate the ability to understand the goals, potential benefits and risks of a proposed research, and should be able to express a reasonably stable choice as well (Manning, 2006, 35-47). Consent and Informed Consent Often, in research, it is insufficient to obtain the cooperation of prospective study participants alone. If the sample includes children, mentally incompetent people, or senile individuals, it would be necessary to secure the permission of parents or guardians. From that point of view, a research problem may not be feasible because the investigation of the problem would pose unfair or unethical demands on participants. The ethical responsibilities of researchers should not be taken lightly (Noble-Adams, 199

Business and Organizational behavior Movie Review

Business and Organizational behavior - Movie Review Example According to the illustration, the management of the Bhopal was to blame for the disaster because of negligence on crucial operations, and the management of the company. The management allowed the storage of the MIC in large tanks that were not recommended, and as if this was not enough, they were filled beyond the recommended levels. This increased the temperature of the gas which, caused leakage. There is also negligence on the earlier warnings of the gas leakage in the factory, which the management ignored to rectify such as a leak on January 1982 that exposed 24 workers to danger, and landed the hospitals. Though the Local Indian Authority warned the company earlier, the management ignored this and failed rectify the problem by the Union CIC. As the movie illustrates the management had switched off several safety systems so that they could reduce operational costs. For example, the MIC tank refrigeration system, which could have reduced the severity of the leakage, was off at the time of the occurrence of a disaster, there was no catastrophe plans put in place by the management in case of any disaster, and finally, the use of undersized safety devices by the factory, also contributed to the disaster. No, the same safety features were not installed or working as those in the United States. In the Bhopal plant, there were looser safety rules compared to those in US. There was no night shift supervisor in the Bhopal plant and the readings were taken after two hours compared to those in US where there must be a night shift supervisor and the readings have to be taken after every one hour as required. In the United States, there is a four stage system compared to the one manual backup system used by the Bhopal plant. The safety audits are done every year in US, but in the Bhopal plant, after two years. I think the Union Carbanide may have different safety features at different plants around the world because of the plants performance. For